Forced Child Labor in China, Cambodia and India

Forced Child Labor in China, Cambodia and India

A Final Report
Prepared to

By
KHIEV KANAL



Submitted to: Prof. Stan Starygy

Phnom Penh, January 2008



Content

Chapter I: Introduction
Overview of Child Labor
Objective of Paper
Scope and Limitation
Methodology
Definition of Key terms

Chapter II: Legal Instrument related to Child Labor
I. China
II. Cambodia
III. India

Chapter III: Cause of Child Labor
I. Cause of Child Labor in China
1. Poverty
2. Drop out of school
3. Existence educational program

II. Cause of Child Labor in Cambodia
1. Poverty and Being Orphaned
2. Drop out of School
3. Existence educational program

III. Cause of Child Labor in India
1. Poverty
2. Drop out of School
3. Existence educational program

Chapter IV: Government Policies and programs to eliminate the worst forms of child labor
I. China
II. Cambodia
III. India

Chapter V: Analysis
I. Compare China against itself between 2001 and 2006
II. Compare China to Cambodia
III. Compare China to India

Chapter VI: Conclusion

Bibliography


Forced Child Labor in China, Cambodia and India

Chapter I : Introduction

1. Overview
Kids are precious gift for the society, change them, and nursing them if we want to see them to be good resources for the country. As absolutely agreed that children is the next and important generation of any society hence protecting them and helping and nurture them in a good way is very crucial to the prosperity of society both at the present and the future. However, if the societies fail to taking care of them, those societies will challenge to suffer of human resources.
Children shall be treated differently from the adult in all sectors of work which is not harmful to their health. Although, the children are considered as the core human resource that could contribute to development of one country, there still popular in using child labor in some countries. The International Labor Organization has estimated that 250 million children who ages between 5 to 14 years are currently employed under hazardous

working condition around the world[1]. Child labor is one of the obstacles that stop country from development. Therefore, this issue needs immediate action to solve. This reason approaches me to start research on this paper as a term paper for Human Rights and Its Evaluation class.

2. Objective of paper
This paper is done in order to compare Child Labor in 3 countries to see the different situation of child labor in those countries, and the government action in order to eliminate worst form of child labor in each country. This research is also prepared in purpose of extending knowledge of child labor that is helpful for my daily work with child issue.

3. Scope and Limitation
A whole paper will discuss on 3 selected countries in Asia such as China, Cambodia and India. China will be selected as a based country in this paper whereas Cambodia and India will be countries of comparison.

4. Methodology
Both primary source and secondary are used to start this report. A primary source such as Labor Law in Cambodia is used in section call legal instrument related to child labor. A secondary source for this report such as country report, document from internet, report from relevant government agencies or NGO that work with child issue, and report from ILO or regulations related child labor.
The method of comparison will be used to analyze this paper by compare based country against itself and to countries of comparison.
The reference of this paper will be notified in food note. The American Psychological Association Style (APA Style) will be used for citation as well as bibliography.

5. Definition of Key terms

Child Labor
The international definition of child labor can be found in ILO Convention 138, which states that child labor is any economic activity performed by a person under the age of 15[2]. However, not all work is considered harmful to or exploitative of children. Child work can include performing light work after school, household chores, or legitimate apprenticeship program.
Moreover, child labor can be defined as work that prevents children from attending and participating effectively in school or is performed by children under hazardous conditions that place their healthy physical, intellectual or moral development at risk[3].

Light Work
The definition of " Light work" can be found in ILO Convention No. 138 which is defined as work that is not likely to harm the health or development of young person, and not such as to prejudice their attendance at school, their participation in vocational orientation or training programs approved by the competent authority or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received.

Forced Labor
Forced labor is defined in ILO Convention No. 29 as "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily[4]".

Domestic Servants
Domestic servants referred also to as domestic workers or child domestics, are children who work in other people's households doing domestic tasks, caring for children and running errands, among other tasks. Child domestics sometimes have live in arrangements, whereby they live in their employer's house and work full time in exchange for room, board, care and sometimes remuneration[5].

Hazardous work
Hazardous work can be defined as "the minimum age for any type of employment or work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardize the health, safety or morals of young persons shall not be less than 18 years. [6]"

Bonded Labor
Bonded Labor can be call as debt bondage which defined as "the status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or those of a person under his control as security for a debt"[7].


Chapter II : Legal Instrument related to Child Labor

I. China:
China has ratified ILO Convention No.138 in 1999 that focused on the minimum age of employment. In 2002, China Government also ratified ILO Convention No. 182; deal with worst forms of child labor.
In term of domestic legislation, The Chinese Labor Law was adopted in … that prohibited employment of children under the age of 16 years old. This regulation also imposes punishment for employers and put more responsibility on the employing companies or factories to check the workers identification cards.
Beside this Labor Law, other regulation or notice were found related to child labor that currently enforce in China such as Law on the Protection of Minor, Regulations on the Prohibition of Child Labor and Notice on the Prohibition of Child Labor.

II. Cambodia:
The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has been demonstrating her commitment to combat the worst forms of child labor by promoting children’s education and improving the living conditions of Cambodian individuals. RGC has adopted laws and regulations to eliminate the exploitation forms of child labor and in particular the worst forms of child labor.
Cambodia signed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in September 1992 and ratified in July 1993. Article 48 of the Cambodia Constitution adopted in 1993 also states “ The state shall project the rights of children as stipulate in the UN Convention on the Right of the Child, in particular the right to life, education, protection during wartime and protection from economic and sexual exploitation.”
In 1995, the International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor of the International Labor Organization (ILO-IPEC) began to provide support to Cambodia. At first, an action program that aimed at strengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Social Affairs, Labor, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY) to address policy issues related to child labor was developed and implemented. The Government of Cambodia has sought initiatives that are preventive in nature focusing on the flow of children form rural to urban areas.
In January 1997, the National Assembly adopted a new labor code, which set the minimum age of employment at the age of 15[8]. It stipulated that children age between ages of 12 to 15 can engage in light work provided that:
- the work is not hazardous to their health and psychological development
- the work will not affect their school attendance or their participation in vocational training programs approved by competent authorities.
It is further state in Article 181 that minors, whatever their sex, younger than 18 and still under
the responsibility of their parents or guardians, cannot engage in any type of work without the prior approval of their parents or guardians.
A sub decree issued in November 1995 established the Cambodian National Council for Children to serve as “the coordinating body for advocacy, planning, monitoring and implementing the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child”. The MoSALVY plays a lead role in this council, which consists of relevant ministries and local institutions.
Beside domestic legal instrument, ILO Convention No. 138 was ratified by the government on 23 August 1999. In this current code, the minimum age of employment or work is set at “the age of completion of compulsory schooling and in any case not less than 15 years”. For light work the Convention sets that minimum age at 13 and for hazardous work at 18. However, in exceptional cases, which are specified in the Convention, the basic minimum age may be lower than 14, that can be age from 12-14 for light work and age 16 for hazardous work.

III. India
The Child Labor Act prohibits the employment of children under 14 years old and bars children from working in hazardous processes or dangerous operations, as identified by the Child Labor Act[9] or the Factories Act of 1948.
In 1996, the India's Supreme Court established a penalty of 20,000 rupees for person who employed children in hazardous industries[10]. The enforcement of child labor laws falls under the jurisdiction of state level labor ministries.
The Prevention of Immoral Trafficking Act 1986 is the principle law applied to trafficking in children and prostitution. India has not ratified ILO Convention No. 138 or ILO Convention 182[11].

Chapter III : Cause of Child Labor

The International Labor Organization has estimated that 250 million children between the ages of 5 to 14 work in developing countries and at least 120 million children work full time[12]. 61% of these were in Asia, 32% in Africa and 7% in Latin America.
ILO also show that of the estimated 250 million working children around the world, most are found in the informal sector where they do not have any legal or regulatory protection:
70% are in agriculture, commercial sector and fishing or forestry
8% are in manufacturing
8% are in wholesale and retail trade, restaurant and hotels
7% are in community, social and personal services such as domestic work
8.4 million Children are trapped in slavery, trafficking, debt bondage, prostitution, pornography and other illicit activities.
1.2 million Children have been a victim of trafficking.
This amount is very high number that could be question on what causes of child labor?

I. Cause of Child Labor in China
1. Poverty
China, poverty is considered as one of problem that cause child labor. 34% of the total population of China lives under poverty line[13]. For the poor, they won't be able to send their children to school because they can help them to earn money. Most of them help their parents with agriculture sector such as grow rice, tea collection. The majority of girl will do domestic work because her mother has to find out door work to support their daily expense.

2. Drop out of School
Children is about 30% of total population because the grow rate is too slow, about 0.6% in 2006. The most significant number of drop out of school was shown with differences statistic. The official report had figured that secondary school drop out is 2.49%[14]. In according to one research conducted by the Northeast Normal University, the figure is above 40%. These students are age 14 or 15 and employment is the only option that cause them to drop out of school.

3. Existence Educational Program
One existence educational program entitled "Work and Study" was recognized as one of the program that established by Chinese government which drive to forced child labor. This program was not recorded clearly on when it was established. However, more than 400,000 middle and junior high schools, which are age between 12 to 16 years old, were sent to train in agricultural and manufacturing plot[15]. All of children who were sent to join this program must work from 8am to 11pm with 2.4 yuan per hour. The same resource show that in 2004, the proceed of work and study program generated 10 billion yuan to government.
The majority of students who from poor family that was sent to school, parents had signed contract with school so they can attend school without any payment[16]. However, on summer vocation those students will send to differences factories to earn money to pay for their debt[17]. According to a Chinese Women News's report in 1996, 73.5% of child labor was girls who average wage is around 400-600 yuan without other benefit such as medical care, social security payment. Beside this, Child workers are scare to make complaint because they feel they need to work in order to support their families[18].

II. Cause of Child Labor in Cambodia
1. Poverty and Being Orphaned
Being orphaned would relate to the increase of people died by HIV/AIDS. The National Aids
Authority and the National Center for HIV/AIDS and Dermatology reported that the amount of people dying from AIDS has increased from 19,305 persons in 1997 to 78,653 in 2004. This rise death left 60,000 orphans causing a big social problem for the government[19]. Many of them are deserted and uncared for by communities and relatives, which lead them to give up school and find a job to earn for their living as well as to feed their younger sisters or brothers.
Poverty is another factor that pushes children to work especially as child domestic worker. About 36% of total population of Cambodian people who live under poverty[20]. Among 3,119 child domestic workers, there are 27,950 child domestic workers who come from province to work in Phnom Penh in which 48% are male and 52% are female[21].

2. Drop out of School
Drop out of school is also considered thoroughly as one of the reason that cause child labor. This point also links to poverty. If the family is poor, so their children would not have chance to be sent to school. In total of 5273 children[22], 891 children decided to drop school because their families need more income. The amount of 1588 children shows that their parents can’t pay for their education. Other 84 children admit they don’t want to go to school and 66 children show that the school is too far so better off to work. The rest 1212 children absolutely reveal that they work to exchange for meal.

3. Existence Educational Program
In Cambodia, the existence educational program that causes child labor is not existed. Government always encourages parents to send their children to school with free education although the number of drop out of school still recognize.

III. Cause of Child Labor in India
1. Poverty
In India, the percentage of the population of India living in poverty is high. In 1990, 37% of the urban population and 39% of the rural population was living in poverty[23]. Families need money to survive, and children are a source of additional income. Poverty itself has underlying determinants, one such determinant being caste. This caste was analyzed, it was observed that if these figures are compared with the caste structure of the country, it would be realized that a comparatively higher proportion of scheduled cast children work at a younger age for their own and their families income[24]. Base on Human Right Watch in 1996; show what that between 60 and 115 million working children in India which is the highest in the world and 63.74% of the total working children said that poverty was the reasons push them to work.
The combination of poverty and the lack of a social security form the basis of the even cruel type of child labor: bonded child labor. For the poor, there are few sources of bank loans, governmental loans or other credit sources. If there are source and even if the sources are available, few Indians living in poverty quality. Some parents exchanged their child labor to local moneylender. Since the earning of bonded child labors are less than the interest on the loans, these bonded children are forced to work harder, while the interest on their loans are always accumulated.
Even though children are paid less than adults, whatever income they earn is for benefit to poor families. Thus poverty, the lack of adequate and accessible source of credit forces poor parents to engage their children in the harsher form of child labor especially bonded child labor.

2. Drop out of school
The constitution of India provides for free, compulsory education for children between the ages of six to 14 years of age. However, the government didn’t enforce this provision. In practice, children in poor and rural areas often did not attend school.
In India, dropout rates is measured by the Department of Education show that 35% of male and 39% of female were dropped out from school. Under SSA, the government had thoroughly conducted the base line survey, identified approximately 194 million out of school children between 6-13 years old. SSA covers all school in the county. Under SSA, 40% of 34 million children who age from 6 to 14 years old remain out of school[25].
Some child abuse in both private and public educational institutions was a problem. For example, in February 2005, there was a case where a principal of government school along with three others in northwest Delhi were arrested and in charge of rape a 16 years old student. In August 2005, a school teacher in Doda village in Jammu and Kashmir threw acid on several students to punish them. One student suffered 70% burn and lost his left eye. Another case was found in December 2005 after money disappeared from school; the principal of a primary school in Tamil Nadu forced seven students to prove their innocence by placing their palms over candle flames. The parents of those child abuses, stop sending their child to school because of scare and some parents feel that a formal education is not beneficial, their children learn to work or skill through labor at a young age would be better than send them to school[26].

3. Existence Educational Program
In India, the existence educational program that contributes to child labor is not occurred.

Chapter IV : Government policies and programs to eliminate the worst forms of child labor

I. China

The government supported children's rights and welfare through well-funded systems of public education, medical care, and protective services. The Education Department provided schooling for children between six and 15 years old and placement services for non-Chinese speaking children[27]. Nearly 100% of school age children attended school, and boys and girls are equal proportions.
Moreover, the government provides parents education programs in all 50 of the Department of Health's maternal and child health centers, which included instruction on child abuse prevention. It also provided public education programs to raise awareness of child abuse and alert children about how to protect themselves. The Social Welfare Department provided child psychologists for its clinical psychology units and social workers for its family and child protective services units. The department also cooperates with police to maintain a child abuse investigation unit and child witness support program.
In September 2005, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) recommended that the government create a single unified law or policy pertaining to children, establish a body representing children's views, ban corporal punishment, establish poverty line, abolish life sentences for minors, and increase funding for child welfare programs.
Chinese Government provided legal aid to take action against employers who employed children and immunity from prosecution for those who assist in the investigation and prosecution of traffickers. The Social Welfare Department and local NGOs also provided a selection of social services to victim of trafficking.

II. Cambodia
The Government of Cambodia has been a member of ILO-IPEC since 1996. The government has adopted national action plans for children's issues[28] to combat the trafficking and sexual exploitation of children[29]. Under co-operation with Cambodian government, ILO-IPEC projects and USDOL funded had been run in Cambodia through purpose to remove and eliminate hazardous work of children engaged in child labor in the brick factories, commercial rubber farms, salt production, and fishing sectors processing centers in Cambodia[30]. Moreover, with financial support from ILO-IPEC, the government of Cambodia organized training on child labor for labor inspectors and awareness raising programs through radio broadcasts[31].
The Ministry of Social Affairs, Labor Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY) works with UNICEF and IOM to return trafficking children to their homes. What is more, a join project with the Ministry of Interior, UNICEF, IOM, World Vision, the United Nations Cambodia Office of the High Commission for Human Rights and Redd Barna designed training to police to combat sexual exploitation and produced some material as a sign of combat sexual exploitation on children[32].
Furthermore, the Government of Cambodia also works with different donors and Non-governmental Organization on education sector, focuses on improving the quality of education and access to primary school. ILO-IPEC is currently working with the government to create a non-formal education program for former child workers. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MOEYS) also begin a Priority Action Program in 10 provincial towns, charging no school fees and provide educational materials[33]. Non-Formal Education Department within MOEYS focuses on distribution of tailored education services to meet the needs of people of all ages. The Asian Development Bank supported projects to design and print new primary school textbooks, and assist MOEYS in developing a basic education plan that the meet the need of the poor[34]. In addition, the World Bank is facilitating MOEYS's development of a participatory approach to improve school quality and performance through the effective management of available resource and provide assistance for the construction of schools in rural area in 1999[35]. At that time, MOEYS set out a goal for 75% of all primary schools to have complete range of classes through grade 6 by 2004. As result, 48% of schools meet this expected result[36].
The MOSAVY’s Action Program 2004-2008 places strong emphasis on child welfare and protection. The goals of this program is to combat child labor and trafficking, develop national plans, and improve enforcement mechanisms for violators of child labor and trafficking laws[37]. In addition, the Government of Cambodia is undertaking a final assessment of her first 5 years plan against trafficking, and sexual exploitation of children in order to finalize and implement her second 5 years plan from 2006 to 2010[38].
Along site with Burma, Lao, the People's Republic of China, Thailand and Vietnam, Cambodia is signatory to the "Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT)". The COMMIT activities were funded to ensure the legal, social and community protection of victims of trafficking, build comprehensive response involving all relevant ministries and strengthen the capacity of persons to combat crime of trafficking[39].
Beside of this measurement, there are several government agencies that start up their programs to address the needs of children vulnerable to exploitation in the worst forms of child labor. Those ministries are:
The Ministry of Tourism continues to work with the ILO to promote "Child Safe" tourism policies to prevent trafficking of women and children for labor and sexual exploitation[40].
The Ministry of Interior operates an anti-trafficking hotline[41].
MOSAVY works with UNICEF and IOM to return trafficking children to their homes.
The MOWA lunched an anti-trafficking information campaign in 5 northeastern provinces in January 2006[42].
The Government of Cambodia is participating in a USD 4.75 million USDOL-Funded Time
bound Program supported by ILO-IPEC to eliminate child labor in specified worst form of child labor and created a platform for eliminating all forms of child labor. The program targets children involved in brick making, rubber making, domestic work, salt production, fish processing and services. It targets 7270 children to be withdrawn from work and 8660 to be prevented from engaging in child labor[43]. The
government also participating in a 4 years project of USDOL funded 3 million that focuses on
providing education opportunities to children who have been trafficked[44].
The US Presidential Anti-Trafficking n Persons Initiative allocated USD 5.6 million to support programs to combat trafficking in Cambodia in 2006[45]. In August 2006, USAID committed USD 4.5 million over three years to combat trafficking[46]. Other funds from AusAID is also providing funding for several activities in Cambodia such as the "Mobilizing Communities for Child Protection" project and "A Child Safe Cambodia" project that will work to protects the rights of children against commercial sexual exploitation and abuse. These two projects will last until 2010 with USD 3.0 million funds[47].

III. India
In 1987, the Government of India adopted a National Policy on Child Labor, under National Child Labor Projects that were initiated in 12 states with a high proportion of working children[48]. According to Indian Government, 94 child labor projects were established by February 2001[49]. The main purpose of those projects focused on non-formal education, health, and nutrition and poverty alleviation. Projects are implemented by NGOs and the government provides up to 75% of project costs. Under these efforts, 1,800 non-formal schools have opened and approximately 105,000 children have been enrolled[50].
In 1992, India became one of the six original countries to participate in ILO-IPEC. The program has created broad ranging and multi sectoral efforts to rescue, remove and rehabilitate children from child labor. The ILO-IPEC program, which has reached more than 90,000 children in India since its start, was renewed for a further two years. In 2001, USDOL collaborated with the Government of India to fund a USD 40 million ILO-IPEC project to eliminate child labor in 10 hazardous sectors in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Tamil, Nadua and Uttar Pradesh[51].
The Ministry of Human Resource Development operates programs that target pre-school aged children in nine states with low education statistics, facilitate universal primary education focusing on improving the quality, and provide non-formal education programs for children with special needs including working children[52]. A program entitled Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is created under control of Ministry of Education that aim to achieve universal elementary education for all children between the ages of 6 and 14 by 2010[53].
In 2003, India's National Charter for Children enshrines the country's commitments to protect children from hazardous child labor and to provide universal access to primary education with focus on children with special needs[54]. The National Child Labor Projects were established and operated in district with high incidence of hazardous labor to identify working children, withdrawn them from those condition and provide non-formal education, vocational training and nutrition supplement. These projects have been established in 250 districts and more than 37000 schools[55].
The Government of India and USDOL jointly fund and collaborate on the USD 40 million to run INDUS project, which target 80,000 children for withdrawal from work in 10 hazardous sectors such as bidis, brassware, bricks, fireworks, footwear, glass bangles, locks, matches, quarrying, and silk. The national and state governments collaborate on a program to rescue and rehabilitate bonded laborers, which includes surveys to identify bonded laborers, as well as training and education for each rescued bonded laborers, and awareness raising activities[56]. The government’s Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Women and Children commits both the national and state governments to legal and regulatory reform, law enforcement, public awareness programs and rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration of victims[57]. In August 2006, the government ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. In addition, the Department of Education’s Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education Program provides non-formal education to out of school children, including child laborers[58].

Chapter V : Analysis

I. Compare China against Its self
The data from year 2001 and year 2006 will be used to make comparison China against itself. In 2001, there were 11,575,000[59] (3%) children who work in China in which 5,661,000 girls and 5,914,000 boys. All of these children are economically active children and child laborer who age is between 10 to 14 years old. In 2006, the number of child who engages in work is found 9,224,000 children in which 4,469,000 are girl and 4,755,000 are boy.
The number above show the slightly decrease between year 2001 and 2006. This can be reason from Chinese Government who tried to implement the UNCRC and China Labor Law. As example, some employers were fined $6000 and sentence up to 3 years imprison of employ child labor[60].

II. Compare China to Cambodia
In term of population China will be higher than Cambodia. Population of Children who is under 18 years old in China is 380,430,000[61] where as Cambodia is 5,243,000[62]. In 2001, 616,023 (12%) children work under hazardous working condition who age between 10 to 14 years old in Cambodia. In compare to China, the number in Cambodia is higher then China (3%)
In 2006, the number of child labor in Cambodia is decreased to 284,529 (5%). It is almost 3 times lower than statistic in 2001. To compare Cambodia to China, we can see that Cambodia still higher than China because Chinese Government didn't cooperate with international agency to start any projects to combat worst form of child labor in its country. What is more, China just ratified ILO Convention No.182 in 2002, so it is very new for China to take action to combat worst form of child labor. It requires long time to make the situation better.

III. Compare China to India
The population of children who is under 18 years old is 389,306,000 in which 20 million working children who age between 10 to 14 years old[63]. In compare to China, India is worst then China in year 2001. However, the amount of 20 million working children in India is reduced to 13,157,000[64] in 2006 where as 9,224,000 working children were found in China at the same year. It clearly shows that between China and India, India is higher than China. However, India Government takes thoroughly action to combat worst form of child labor in its country. The number between 2001 and 2006 indicated that Indian Government is straightly forward to achieve positive result of eliminate worst form of child labor, although the number still higher in compare to China.

Chapter VI : Conclusion

From the analysis above, we can see that the country that has high number of using child labor is China. The best country that commit to reduce worst form of child labor is India where as Cambodia is in the middle between China and India.

For India, the government pays more attention to join hand with international agency such ILO-IPEC to take action to eliminate worst form of child labor. As result, the number of child labor is reduced within 5 years period that is a sign of positive result. For China, the government is starting to take action to combat worst form of child labor. However, it will take long time to resolve this problem since it just ratified ILO Convention No.182. Although, the number of child labor is reduced slowly but it shows that Chinese government did not stand still longer. This result indicates that start point of Chinese government in order to reach the goal of eliminate worst form of child labor in its country. As analysis shows that Cambodia is in the middle between China and India. This comparison also reveals that the number of child labor is decreased between 2001 and 2006. This achievement indicates the positive feedback to government policy and programs that designed in purpose to reduce hazardous working condition on children. Government starts to show his willingness to combat worst form of child labor in her country buy cooperated with international agencies to design some projects aim to make child labor situation better.

All in all, child labor will be decreased in the future if each government thoroughly taking care of this issue. What is more, joining hand with other countries or international agencies will show the high commitment of government to start up their plan to combat worst form of child labor.

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- The World Bank and Cambodia. Retrived January 3, 2008 from http://wbln0018.wordbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/236c318fc341033852567c 9006baf9a/ a327463333316f90852567d700792a4c?OpenDocument
- UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Country Report-India. Retrived January 14, 2008 from http://wcd.nic.in/CRCFEBmr.htm
- US promises funding to counter human trafficking in Cambodia, January 31,2007. Retrived December 29,2007 from http://www.humantrafficking.org/updates/442
[1] Child Labor available from http://hrw.org/children/labor.htm
[2] ILO Convention 138 available from http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/english/convdisp2.htm.
[3] Richard Anker, " The Economics of Child Labor: A Framework for Measurement," International Labor Review, 2000.
[4] ILO Convention No.29: Forced Labor, 1930 available from http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/english/convdisp2.htm.
[5] " Child Domestic Work", UNICEF 1999
[6] ILO Convention 138: Minimum Age for Employment, 1973, Article 3
[7] ILO Convention No.182: Worst Form of Child Labor, 1999 available from http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/english/convdisp2.htm.
[8] Labor Law, Cambodia, 1997 article 177.
[9] The Child Labor Act was passed in 1986 and amended in 1999
[10] The 1996 Supreme Court decision established a fund to be created from the proceeds of this fine to provide supplemental income to parents and guardians of child workers on the condition that the children would be sent to school. The court also ordered that a survey of the child labor situation in the country be conducted. available from http://www.carosta.de/frames/converts.htm
[11] ILO, Table of Ratifications and Information Concerning the Fundamental Convention of the ILO available from http://www.ilo.org/public/french/standards/norm/sources/rats_pri.htm
[12] ILO estimated of Child Labor in the world available from http://hrw.org/children/labor.htm
[13] Profile of China available from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm
[14] Child Labor in China available from http://www.ihlo.org/LRC/WC/150607b.html
[15] China: End Child Labor in State Schools available from http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/12/03/china17461.htm
[16] Clean up your Computer campaign available from www.sacom.kh
[17] Education in China available from http://www.chinalabor.org.hk/public/contents/article?revisionpercent5frd=3299&itempercent5fid=3298
[18] Child labor, Forced labor in China available from http://www.playfair2008.org/docs/child_labor_july_2007.pdf
[19] Securing Children’s Rights in Cambodia: A Comparative Research on Juvenile Litigation Justice by Legal Aid of Cambodia, March 2006 (Preliminary Report)
[20] Profile of Cambodia available from http://www.worldpress.org/profiles/cambodia.cfm
[21] Economic Institute of Cambodia: The Survey of Child Domestic Worker in Cambodia, 2005
[22] Securing Children’s Rights in Cambodia: A Comparative Research on Juvenile Justice by Legal Aid of Cambodia, March 2006 (Preliminary Report)
[23] ILO report 1995-1997 available from http://www.ilo.org
[24] Child Labor in India: Cause, Governmental Policies and the role of Education by Dr.Mitesh V.Badiwala available from http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9175/inquiry1.htm
[25] India: Country Reports on Human Rights Practice-2006, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, March 6,2007 available from http://www.state.gov./g//drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm
[26] Child Labor in India: Cause, Governmental Policies and the role of Education by Dr.Mitesh V.Badiwala available from http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9175/inquiry1.htm
[27] Country Report on Human Rights Practice in China 2006 available from http://www.state.gov./gldrl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78771.htm
[28] National Program of Action for Children in Cambodia, 1998-2000 (Phnom Penh: Cambodian National Council for Children, undated)
[29] Five Year Plan Against Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children, 2000-2004 (Phnom Penh: Cambodian National Council for Children, April 2000)
[30] ILO-IPEC, Project Document: Combating Child Labor in Hazardous Work in Salt Production, Rubber, Plantations, and Fish/Shrimp Processing Centers in Cambodia, 2001
[31] ILO-IPEC, Project Document: Training on Child Labor to relevant key person in Cambodia, 1999
[32] Cambodia Country Paper, at the ILO/Japan Asia Meeting on the Trafficking of Children for Labor and Sexual Exploitation, 2001
[33] Non-Formal Education: Department of Non-Formal Education of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, 2000
[34] Cambodia Education Sector Development Plan, available from http://www.adb.rog/Documents/Profiles?PPTA/33396072.ASP
[35] The World Bank and Cambodia available from http://wbln0018.wordbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/236c318fc341033852567c 9006baf9a/ a327463333316f90852567d700792a4c?OpenDocument
[36] Education in Cambodia (Phnom Penh: Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport's Department of Planning, July 199)
[37] Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY) Kingdom of Cambodia's, Ministry of Social Affair, Action Program 2004-2008
[38] ILO, Cambodia Reviews Five Years of Counter Trafficking Efforts-Prepares for New Plan of Action, May 19, 2005 available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/child/trafficking/index.htm
[39] Two agreements were signed on May 29, 2006, pledging USD 1.8 million to the COMMIT process, available from http://www.humantrafficking.org/updates/349
[40] Ministry of Tourism and ILO team up to advocate promotion of "Child Safe" tourism policies to prevent trafficking in children and women, September 22,2005 available from http://www.ilo.org/public/enlish/region/asro/bangkok/child/trafficking/downloads/ camtourismnews.pdf
[41] Ministry of Interior, hotline project was established in 2006. The hotline is opened 24 hour in order to help or intervention trafficking of children.
[42] Rakmey Kampuchea newspaper, No. 195, January 2006
[43] ILO-IPEC, Support to the Cambodian National Plan of Action on the Elimination of the Worst forms of Child Labor: A Time bound approach, September 2004.
[44] World Education: Combating Child Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation through Education in Cambodia, March 2006.
[45] U.S Embassy-Phnom Penh, reporting, August 2006.
[46] US promises funding to counter human trafficking in Cambodia, January 31,2007 available from http://www.humantrafficking.org/updates/442
[47] Australian Agency for International Development (AusAid), Aid Activities in Cambodia available from http://www. ausaid.gov.au/country/cbrief.cfm?DCon=1061_5593_9716_8236_8498.
[48] Child Labor and India, Embassy of India, Washington D.C available from http://indianembassy.org/policy/ Child_labor/childlabor.htm
[49] Social Sector-Labor and Employment, Economic Survey 2000-2001 (India: Ministry of Finance, February 2001) available from http://www.indiabudget.nic.in/es2000-01/social.htm
[50] Lakshmidhar Mishra, Child Labor in India, April 2000
[51] In August 2000, the Indian Ministry of Labor and USDOL signed a Joint Statement agreeing to collaborate on an ILO-IPEC project to prevent and eliminate child labor in 10 hazardous sectors such as bidis, brassware, bricks, fireworks, footwear, glass bangles, locks, matches, quarrying and silk. Each government is contributing USD 20 million to the project, which will target 80,000 children. Project activities are expected to begin in early 2002. Child labor prevention and withdrawal activities will be implemented through the government's National Child Labor Program.
[52] UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Country Report-India available from http://wcd.nic.in/CRCFEBmr.htm
[53] Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Progarm (India: The Ministry of Education, 2001)
[54] Ministry of Women and Child Development, National Charter for Children available from http://wcd.nic.in/nationalcharter2003.doc.
[55] Ministry of Labor and Employment, Efforts to Eliminate Child Labor available from http://labour.nic.in/cwl/CIPolicy.htm.
[56] Ministry of Labor and Employment, Annual Report of the Ministry of Labor,2006
[57] “Dealing with Trafficking in Person” available from http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/17900.htm.
[58] Ministry of Human Resource Development-Department of Education, Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education available from http://www.education.nic.in/htmlweb/edu_guarantee_sch/edu_guarantee_back.htm.
[59] Country with report of child labor available from http:///hrw.org/children/labor.htm
[60] Child Labor in China available from http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eap/8289.htm
[61] Profile of China available from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm
[62] Cambodia Population available from http://www.airninja.com/worldfacts/countries/Cambodia/population/htm
[63] Country with report of child labor available from http:///hrw.org/children/labor.htm
[64] Country Reports on Human Rights Practice-2006 released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor March 6,2007 available from http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rsl/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm